Review+for+Final

=Review for final= toc

=Genetics=
 * 1) vocabulary! (heterozygote vs homozygote? Genotype vs phenotype? Allele? F1/F2? )
 * 2) Be able to do the following types of word problems:
 * monohybrid- complete vs incomplete vs codominance
 * be able to choose which type it is also
 * dihybrid- standard (16 boxes) or smaller (see your notes)
 * x-linked- colorblind or hemophilia- YOU must remember that these are done with X and Y, so males get one copy (the Y has neither gene)
 * blood type- ABO types inheritance (and type with Rh factor effect on donation for bonus)
 * *in each of the above be able to use the Punnett square and figure out genotypic and phenotypic ratios as well as the P, F1 and F2- remember numbers alone like 3:1 means nothing. Also for some, you will be asked questions like “what is the chance of…..)
 * 1) Remember: Being recessive does not mean it is a disease or that it is rare – just means it has to be the only one there in order to show up
 * 2) Difference of maternal and fraternal twins
 * 3) Genetic engineering: Human genome project-what is it?
 * 4) Possible BONUS topics:
 * recombinant DNA- how it’s used to clone
 * restriction enzymes-for cloning tool and for DNA fingerprinting
 * PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
 * Electrophoresis- interpret a final gel fingerprint, what you can tell from it

=Evolution= All questions are Multiple choice!
 * 1) Assumed first life forms are? (unicellular and simple)
 * 2) Understand evolution is a process of change in species over time
 * 3) Know the vocabulary: vestigial, convergent vs divergent, reproductive cline, bottleneck effect, temporal vs geographic vs reproductive isolation, adaptive radiation, genetic drift, coevolution
 * 4) Stabilizing vs directional vs disruptive selection (see the graphs in text)
 * 5) Darwin vs Lamarck vs Gould and their respective theories about evolution. (know the difference between gradualism and use/disuse and punctuated equilibrium)-NOTE-there is an application question or 2 and then the scientists themselves are part of a T/F elsewhere
 * 6) Evidences used to determine evolutionary relationships and support the theory
 * 7) *fossil record (position in rock, dating) * biochemistry (proteins, DNA, etc) *embryology * structural comparison (ex: vestigial organs, outward appearance, analogous and homologous parts) * behavior (ex mating rituals)
 * 8) How biodiversity results from speciation
 * 9) The effect of natural selection on survival and reproduction (remember that the environment selects who survives and change occurs in populations, not individuals- O’ must pass on the genes successfully for the next generation to show the changes/adaptations as a species and acquired traits, like a stretched neck or a broken arm, can not be passed on)
 * 10) The relationship between niches and adaptations and evolution

=Big Ideas in Biology= Mix of MC/ matching/ T/F and free response
 * 1) Study the scientist list for genetics and evolution and match to the name with the contribution to biology
 * 2) concept of succession (see ecology notes)
 * 3) energy pyramid ,10% rule-(connect these)
 * 4) relationships(predator/prey)- a graphic interpretation
 * 5) diffusion – defined (see cell transport notes or the lab sheet)
 * 6) tonicity (hypertonic, etc)- choose what happens in a circumstance
 * 7) cell theory - the 3 points M/C
 * 8) the overall function of photosynthesis and cellular respiration(the one sentence statements that gives a summary)
 * 9) Enzyme graphs (recognize temp. vs pH etc- see biochemistry notes)
 * 10) Purpose of enzymes (lower activation energy) M/C
 * 11) What a vaccine is (inactivated pathogen-allows you to build memory B cells ahead of time so can make antibodies faster) M/C
 * 12) Definition of a biological vs phylogenetic species (T/F - see Life unit)
 * 13) Function of chloroplast vs mitochondria (T/F)
 * 14) niche, adaptation, (applied in evolution section also-M/C)
 * 15) abiotic vs biotic (M/C)


 * Bonus: identify the parts of the frog from an actual dissected one and know organ functions, other anatomy discussed during the dissection.**

Disease
Mix of MC/ matching/ T/F and free response
 * 1) role of antibiotics in fighting bacteria
 * 2) role of vaccines in preventing disease (memory B cells)
 * 3) know method of transmission for various diseases we discussed in class - tetanus, botulism, HIV, malaria, lyme disease, cholera
 * 4) know difference in viruses and bacteria in how they cause disease
 * 5) how often should you get a tetanus shot?
 * 6) preventative measures to prevent getting Lyme disease
 * 7) role of helper T-cells in the immune response
 * 8) know difference in antigen and antibody
 * 9) know role of B-cells in immune response
 * 10) what is a vector?
 * 11) know difference in lytic vs lysogenic viruses